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Chicano
Chicano or Chicana (also spelled Xicano or Xicana) is a chosen identity of some Mexican Americans in the United States. The term ''Chicano'' is sometimes used interchangeably with ''Mexican()American''. Both names are chosen identities within the Mexican-American community in the United States. However, these terms have a wide range of meanings in various parts of the Southwest. The term became widely used during the Chicano Movement, mainly among Mexican Americans within the city of Chicago who wanted to express an identity, of cultural, ethnic and community pride, similarly to the Chicago Polonia.
The term "Chicano" had negative connotations before the Chicano Movement, and still is viewed negatively by more conservative members of this community, but it over time gained more acceptance as an identity of pride within the Mexican-American community in the United States. Still, many American-born Mexicans view the term to be distracting, as it often represents a refusal to identify with either Mexican or American identities, while Mexicans from Mexico usually aren't familiar with or do not identify with the term. The pro-indigenous/Mestizo nature of Chicano nationalism is cemented in the nature of Mexican national identity,〔http://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Era_Resources/Era/Peasants/mestizaje.html〕 in which the culture is heavily syncretic between indigenous and Spanish cultures, and where 60% of the population is Mestizo, and another 30% are indigenous, with the remaining 10% being of European heritage and others racial/ethnic groups.〔http://www.somosprimos.com/schmal/schmal.htm〕 Ultimately it was the experience of the Mexican American in the United States which culminated in the creation of a Chicano identity.〔http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/postid/pid9999.0001.104/--forgetting-identity-recovering-politics-rethinking-chicanao?rgn=main;view=fulltext〕
== Recorded usage ==
The Chicano poet and writer Tino Villanueva traced the first documented use of the term as an ethnonym to 1911, as referenced in a then-unpublished essay by University of Texas anthropologist José Limón.〔Félix Rodríguez González, ed. ''Spanish Loanwords in the English Language. A Tendency towards Hegemony Reversal''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. Villanueva is referring to Limón's essay "The Folk Performance of Chicano and the Cultural Limits of Political Ideology," available via (ERIC ). Limón refers to use of the word in a 1911 report titled "Hot tamales" in the Spanish-language newspaper ''La Crónica'' in 1911.〕 Linguists Edward R. Simmen and Richard F. Bauerle report the use of the term in an essay by Mexican-American writer, Mario Suárez, published in the ''Arizona Quarterly'' in 1947.〔Edward R. Simmen and Richard F. Bauerle. "Chicano: Origin and Meaning." ''American Speech'' 44.3 (Autumn 1969): 225-230.〕
However, a gunboat, the ''Chicana'', was sold in 1857 to Jose Maria Carvajal to ship arms on the Rio Grande. The King and Kenedy firm submitted a voucher to the Joint Claims Commission of the United States in 1870 to cover the costs of this gunboat's conversion from a passenger steamer. No particular explanation of the boat's name is known.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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